NEET PG & INI-CET - Clinical Sciences (Medicine, Surgery, OBGY & Specialties) previous year questions (PYQ)

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Terrace farming is widely practiced in hilly and mountainous agro-ecosystems.

Reason (R): Terraces create stepped flat platforms along slopes that significantly reduce the surface velocity of water runoff and prevent topsoil erosion.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Diamond sparkles brilliantly with internal radiance.

Reason (R): Total internal reflection of light occurs inside diamond because its critical angle is exceptionally small (approximately 24.4°).

Higher Academic Core: In advanced conceptual study of 'Bone Tumors Osteomyelitis and Arthritis' in Orthopedic Traumatology & Joint Pathology, which foundational mechanism is universally verified?

Higher Academic Core: In advanced conceptual study of 'Corneal Ulcers and Refractive Errors' in Ophthalmology & Eye Disorders, which foundational mechanism is universally verified?

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): An agreement entered into without lawful consideration is void ab initio under Section 25 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.

Reason (R): Lawful consideration is a mandatory statutory pillar of contractual enforceability under the legal maxim *ex nudo pacto non oritur actio*.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Heavy water ($D_2O$) is utilized as a moderator in thermal nuclear power reactors.

Reason (R): Deuterium nuclei slow down energetic fission neutrons through elastic collisions without substantial parasitic neutron absorption.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): An agreement entered into without lawful consideration is void ab initio under Section 25 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.

Reason (R): Lawful consideration is a mandatory statutory pillar of contractual enforceability under the legal maxim *ex nudo pacto non oritur actio*.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): The electrical conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor increases with rise in temperature.

Reason (R): With increase in temperature, covalent bonds rupture, generating additional free conduction electrons and mobile holes.

Refer to the Case Study 'Case Study: Hazardous Enterprise and Supreme Court Doctrine of Absolute Liability' to answer:

What is the crucial legal distinction between the English rule of 'Strict Liability' and Indian 'Absolute Liability'?

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): An employer is vicariously liable for tortious civil wrongs committed by an employee during the authorized course of employment.

Reason (R): The doctrine of vicarious liability is founded on the legal maxims *respondeat superior* (let the master answer) and *qui facit per alium facit per se*.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): The electrical conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor increases with rise in temperature.

Reason (R): With increase in temperature, covalent bonds rupture, generating additional free conduction electrons and mobile holes.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Money serves as an indispensable medium of exchange in modern market economies.

Reason (R): Money eliminates the need for double coincidence of wants inherent in barter trade systems.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Work done by an electrostatic field in moving a test charge along a closed path is zero.

Reason (R): The electrostatic Coulomb force is a conservative force whose line integral around any closed loop vanishes identically.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Terrace farming is widely practiced in hilly and mountainous agro-ecosystems.

Reason (R): Terraces create stepped flat platforms along slopes that significantly reduce the surface velocity of water runoff and prevent topsoil erosion.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): A convex mirror is commonly used as a driver's rear-view mirror in automobiles.

Reason (R): A convex mirror always forms an erect, virtual, and diminished image, providing a much wider field of view.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Danger signals on communication towers and traffic posts are always illuminated in red color.

Reason (R): Red light has the longest wavelength in the visible spectrum and suffers minimum Rayleigh scattering ($I \propto 1/\lambda^4$) through fog and smoke.

Refer to the Case Study 'Case Study: Hazardous Enterprise and Supreme Court Doctrine of Absolute Liability' to answer:

What measure of financial compensation did the Supreme Court establish in the M.C. Mehta Oleum Gas case?

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Under the Constitution of India, the judiciary enjoys structural independence from executive and legislative interference.

Reason (R): Judges of the Supreme Court and High Courts have security of tenure and their judicial salaries are charged directly to the Consolidated Fund of India.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Terrace farming is widely practiced in hilly and mountainous agro-ecosystems.

Reason (R): Terraces create stepped flat platforms along slopes that significantly reduce the surface velocity of water runoff and prevent topsoil erosion.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): Electric current in a conductor is treated as a scalar physical quantity.

Reason (R): Although electric current has both magnitude and direction, it does not obey the laws of vector addition.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): The electrical conductivity of an intrinsic semiconductor increases with rise in temperature.

Reason (R): With increase in temperature, covalent bonds rupture, generating additional free conduction electrons and mobile holes.

Directions: In the question below, a statement of Assertion (A) is followed by a statement of Reason (R). Choose the correct option:

Assertion (A): An agreement entered into without lawful consideration is void ab initio under Section 25 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.

Reason (R): Lawful consideration is a mandatory statutory pillar of contractual enforceability under the legal maxim *ex nudo pacto non oritur actio*.